Recent studies report that latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) may lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that led us to hypothesize that LTBI may play an important role in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in dialysis patients.A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 270 patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis more than 3 months were included. The interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISPOT) assay was used for the diagnosis of LTBI. Primary endpoints were MACE, including all-cause death and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The association between LTBI and MACE was examined using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression after adjusting for covariates and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.In our study, the patients were classified into LTBI (n = 47) or non-LTBI (n = 223) groups. Independent risk factors for LTBI in dialysis population were prior tuberculosis (TB) history (odds ratio [OR] 4.817 [1.064-22.306]), tobacco use (OR 2.903 [1.155-7.299]), and older age (OR 1.027 [1.002-1.053]). After a median follow-up of 39 months, the incidence of active TB was 6.4% versus 0% in dialysis patients with and without LTBI, respectively (p = 0.005). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that LTBI was significantly associated with MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 2.540 [1.490-4.350]) after adjustment for potential confounders.Prior TB history, tobacco use, and the elderly can be used to select cost-effective LTBI screening target groups in dialysis patients. LTBI is not only closely related to active TB but also an independent risk factor for higher incidence of MACE in dialysis population.© 2023 The Authors. Seminars in Dialysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.