Low back pain is a leading cause of disabilities worldwide, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD)-related disorders have been recognised as one of the main contributors. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the miR-133a-5p/FBXO6 axis in the regulation of IVDD.RT-qPCR, WB and IHC were performed to assess the expression of FBXO6 in human IVD tissues. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were treated with IL-1β to induce IVDD cellular model. Silence of FBXO6 was achieved using specific siRNAs. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, TUNEL assay, RT-qPCR and WB were used to evaluate the role and mechanism of FBXO6 in the process of IVDD. Online tools, GSE datasets and RT-qPCR were used to search the candidate miRNAs targeting FBXO6. The direct binding sites between FBXO6 and miR-133a-5p were further verified by a dual luciferase assay. RT-qPCR, WB and rescue experiments were conducted to identify the regulatory function of miR-133a-5p on the expression of aggrecan, collagen Ⅱ, MMP3, ADAMTS5, IL-6 and COX2. In addition, the role of the NF-κB pathway in regulating miR-133a-5p was studied using lentiviral shRNA, WB and RT-qPCR.Results showed that FBXO6 mainly expressed in the NP tissue of IVD and the expression of FBXO6 decreased with the process of IVDD as well as under IL-1β stimulation. The silence of FBXO6 led to the decreased expression of aggrecan and collagen Ⅱ and the increased expression of MMP3, ADAMTS5, IL-6 and COX2, which further induced the degeneration of NP cells. The bioinformatic analysis showed that miR-133a-5p was the candidate miRNA targeting FBXO6. miR-133a-5p was upregulated in IVDD tissues and significantly inhibited the expression of FBXO6. The inhibition of miR-133a-5p ameliorated the acceleration of IVDD induced by the silence of FBXO6 in vitro. Moreover, it was demonstrated that IL-1β regulated the expression of the miR-133a-5p/FBXO6 axis via the NF-κB pathway in NP cells.miR-133a-5p was upregulated by IL-1β to aggravate intervertebral disc degeneration via sponging FBXO6. Inhibiting miR-133a-5p expression or rescuing FBXO6 expression may be promising strategies for the treatment of IVDD.This study suggests that the miR-133a-5p/FBXO6 axis could regulate NP cells proliferation, apoptosis, synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix, which provides a promising therapeutic target and strategy for the treatment of IVDD.© 2021 The Authors.